The substitution reactions

The substitution reactions Acknowledgement The preparation of this project on the topic- substitution reactions.: a profile would not have been possible without the valuable contribution of my TEACHERS. I would like to give most specially thanks to my CHE sir Dr. Ashish kumar who is my chemistry teacher to giving me the important guidelines during making this project. So, I hope this project will provide large and sufficient information about the different coordination numbers present in the coordination chemistry. Introduction In substitution reaction, afunctional groupin a particularchemical compoundis replaced by another group[1]. Inorganic chemistry, theelectrophilicandnucleophilicsubstitution reactions are of prime importance. Organic substitution reactions classified in several mainorganic reactiontypes depending on whether thereagentthat brings about the substitution is considered anelectrophileor anucleophile, whether areactive intermediateinvolved in the reaction is acarbocation, acarbanionor afree radicalor whether thesubstrateisaliphaticor aromatic. It also is helpful for optimizing a reaction with regard to variables such as temperature and choice of solvent Substitution reaction : chlorination of methane Nuclophilic reactions: These kind of substitution reactions happen when the reagent is a nucleophile, which means, an atom or molecule with free electrons. Anucleophilereacts with analiphaticsubstrate in anucleophilic aliphatic substitutionreaction. When the substrate is anaromaticcompound the reaction type isnucleophilic aromatic substitution. Carboxylic acidderivatives react with nucleophiles innucleophilic acyl substitution. This kind of reaction can be useful in preparing compounds The Nucleophilic substitutions can be produced by two different mechanisms: Monomolecular nucleophilic substitution (SN1): In this case the reaction proceeds in stages, the compounds first dissociate in their ions and then this ions react between them. Its produced by carbocations. Bimolecular nucleophilic substitution (SN2): In this case the reaction proceeds in only one stage. The attack of the reagent and the expulsion of the leaving group happen simultaneously. Electrophilic reaction Electrophilesare involved inelectrophilic substitutionreactions and particularly inelectrophilic aromatic substitutions: Electrophilic reactions to other unsaturated compounds thanarenesgenerally lead toelectrophilic additionrather than substitution. Radical substitutions Aradical substitutionreaction involvesradicals The term nucleophile comes from the Greek meaning nucleus loving, in other words nucleophiles seek positive charged centres. Nucleophiles have lone pairs of electrons and may carry a negative charge. There are many examples of nucleophiles, such asNH3,H2O,CN-,HC?C-, andOH-. Alkyl halides contain a halogen (X =F,Cl,BrorI) covalently bonded to a carbon atom. Due to the electronegativity differences between carbon and the halide, theC-Xbond is polar with a partial positive charge (?+) on the carbon atom and a partial negative charge (?-) on the halogen. Halogens are good leaving groups and can be replaced by an incoming nucleophile. Nucleophilic substitution is the reaction of an electron pair donor (the nucleophile, Nu) with an electron pair acceptor (the electrophile). An sp3-hybridized electrophile must have a leaving group (X) in order for the reaction to take place. Mechanism of Nucleophilic Substitution The term SN2 means that two molecules are involved in the actual transition state: The departure of the leaving group occurs simultaneously with the backside attack by the nucleophile. The SN2 reaction thus leads to a predictable configuration of the stereocenter it proceeds with inversion (reversal of the configuration). In the SN1 reaction, a planar carbenium ion is formed first, which then reacts further with the nucleophile. Since the nucleophile is free to attack from either side, this reaction is associated with racemization. In both reactions, the nucleophile competes with the leaving group. Because of this, one must realize what properties a leaving group should have, and what constitutes a good nucleophile. For this reason, it is worthwhile to know which factors will determine whether a reaction follows an SN1 or SN2 pathway. Common examples include Organic reductionswithhydrides, for example R-X?R-HusingLiAlH4 (SN2) hydrolysisreactions such as R-Br + OH-?R-OH+Br-(SN2) or R-Br + H2O ? R-OH +HBr (SN1) Williamson ether synthesis R-Br +OR-?R-OR+ Br- (SN2) Electrophilic substitution Electrophilic aromatic substitutionorEASis anorganic reactionin which an atom, usuallyhydrogen, appended to anaromatic systemis replaced by anelectrophile. The most important reactions of this type that take place arearomatic nitration,aromatic halogenation,aromatic sulfonation, and acylation and alkylatingFriedel-Crafts reactions. Basic reaction Aromatic nitrationsto formnitro compoundstake place by generating a nitronium ion fromnitric acidandsulfuric acid. Aromatic sulfonationofbenzenewith fumingsulfuric acidgives benzenesulfonic acid. Aromatic halogenationof benzene withbromine,chlorineoriodinegives the corresponding aryl halogen compounds catalyzed by the corresponding iron trihalide. TheFriedel-Crafts reactionexists as anacylationand analkylationwith acyl halides oralkyl halidesas reactants. The catalyst is most typicallyaluminium trichloride, but almost any strongLewis acidcan be used. In Fridel-Crafts acylation, a full measure of aluminium trichloride must be used, as opposed to a catalytic amount. Basic reaction mechanism In the first step of thereaction mechanismfor this reaction, the electron-rich aromatic ring which in the simplest case isbenzeneattacks the electrophileA. This leads to the formation of a positively-charged cyclohexadienylcation, also known as anarenium ion. Thiscarbocationis unstable, owing both to the positive charge on the molecule and to the temporary loss ofaromaticity. However, the cyclohexadienyl cation is partially stabilized byresonance, which allows the positive charge to be distributed over three carbon atoms. In the second stage of the reaction, aLewis baseBdonates electrons to the hydrogen atom at the point of electrophilic attack, and the electrons shared by the hydrogen return to thepisystem, restoring aromaticity. An electrophilic substitution reaction on benzene does not always result in monosubstitution. While electrophilic substituents usually withdraw electrons from the aromatic ring and thus deactivate it against further reaction, a sufficiently strong electrophile can perform a second or even a third substitution. This is especially the case with the use ofcatalysts. Radical Substitution Radicals A radical is a species that contains unpaired electrons. Typically formed by a homolytic bond cleavage as represented by the fishhook curved arrows: RADICAL CHAIN MECHANISM FOR REACTION OF METHANE WITH Br2 Step 1 (Initiation) Heat or uv light cause the weak halogen bond to undergo homolytic cleavage to generate two bromine radicals and starting the chain process. Step 2 (Propagation) A bromine radical abstracts a hydrogen to form HBr and a methyl radical, then The methyl radical abstracts a bromine atom from another molecule of Br2to form the methyl bromide product andanotherbromine radical, which can then itself undergo reaction 2(a) creating a cycle that can repeat. Step 3 (Termination) Various reactions between the possible pairs of radicals allow for the formation of ethane, Br2or the product, methyl bromide. These reactions remove radicals and do not perpetuate the cycle. There are two components to understanding the selectivity of radical halogenations of alkanes: reactivity of R-H system reactivity of X. R-H The strength of the R-H varies slightly depending on whether the H is 1o, 2oor 3o. The following table shows the bond dissociation energy, that is the energy required to break the bond in a homolytic fashion, generating R.and H. Halogen radical, X. Bromine radicals are less reactive than chlorine radicals Br.tends to be more selective in its reactions, and prefers to react with the weaker R-H bonds. The more reactive chlorine radical is less discriminating in what it reacts with. The selectivity of the radical reactions can be predicted mathematically based on a combination of an experimentally determined reactivity factor, Ri, and a statistical factor, nHi. In order to use the equation shown below we need to look at our original alkane and look at each H in turn to see what product it would give if it were to be susbtituted. This is an exercise in recognizing different types of hydrogen, something that will be important later. REFERENCES:- Chang Raymond www.wikepedia.org www.google.com

Brain Development Essay

At birth there are about 100 billion brain cells produced and they are beginning to connect with each other. At the first week of age, brain development starts with conception. It is important to reach the age of an infant and practice the ten principals. In the early years, young brains produce almost twice as many synapses as they will need. By age two, the number of synapses a toddler has is similar to that of an adult. By three the child has twice as many synapses as an adult. The infant brain develops through the interaction with the world around, especially the interaction with adults. At the first few months, an infant cannot response to praise or punishment. Emerging research on brain development indicates that the degree for responsive care giving that children receive as infants and toddlers positively affects the connections between neurons in the brain (Brain Cells), and the architecture of the brain itself. The first three years of life are the period of growth in all areas of a baby’s development. Consistent, responsive relationships enable infants and toddlers to develop secure attachments. Infants and Toddlers develop knowing and understanding by perceiving experiences directly with the senses. For infants to acquire the ability to comprehend this sensory information they must b able to distinguish between the familiar and the unknown; later they will begin to consider, to formulate, and to form mental images in this process of experiencing and clarifying the environment. Infants begin by exploring the world with their bodies. They internalize what they take in through their senses and display it in their physical movements. Infants gather vital information through such simple acts as mouthing, grasping, and reaching. The knowing process also involves language abilities. As young children use their senses to experience the world, they need labels to categorize and remember these experiences. By creating these labels, children increase their ability to communicate and begin to control their own behavior. These expanded abilities give young children additional opportunities to understand the world (Infant, Toddlers, and Caregiver Ninth Edition). Recent brain research supports the goal of building a total person instead of concentrating on cognitive development alone. Providing a rich environment with interesting things to do is desirable and stimulates cognitive development. But that does not work without working on physical, social, and emotional development at the same time. What make differences are the day-to-day living, the relationships, the experiences, the diapering, the feedings, the toilet training, and the free play and exploration that contribute to intellectual development. Early experiences matter, and shape brain architecture. Advances in brain research have provided great insight into how young children’s experiences have profound impact on genetic predispositions and thereby share the processes that determine whether their brains will have adaptations or maladaptations for later learning, memory, reasoning, executive functioning, expressing a full range of positive and negative emotions, socialization, behavior control and lifelong health. The thrust of this element is to close the gap between what we have learned and what we do with infants and toddlers. Experiences that prepare the developing brain to function optimally include having warm, nurturing, attentive social interactions and conscientiously buffering young children from the adverse impact of toxic stress. Lack of these kinds of experiences can have devastating, long-term effects on brain development including cognitive functioning and social-emotional competencies. For example, unpredictable or chaotic routines or lack of consistent caregivers may jeopardize children’s foundation for identity development or self regulation, or few language experiences, toys, and opportunities to explore impede the development of neural connections and pathways that facilitate learning (Essential elements of Quality-Infant-toddler Program). To deliver high quality care giving, adults need to understand and recognize key developmental processes that help them understand and support infants and toddlers. Since this essential element explicitly identifies knowledge about key developmental processes threats to them as a factor in quality infant-toddler program, three terms are defined as important pieces of a wider knowledge base about brain development that informs practice: serve and return, executive functioning and toxic stress. Serve and return is the interaction between young children and their parents and caregiver is a key to healthy brain development. It helps to create neural connections that build later cognitive and emotional skills. Executive functioning represents the cognitive skills that enable a child to focus on, hold, and think about information, filter distractions; and divert their attention to something new. The foundation for executive functioning is laid in infancy and is facilitated through early experiences. Acquiring the early building blocks of (executive functioning) skills is one of the most important and challenging tasks of the early childhood years. Toxic stress is defined as strong, frequent, and/or prolonged adversity without adequate adult support. Toxic stress disrupts brain development. While some experience with manageable stress is important for healthy development, prolonged, uninterrupted, overwhelming stress; toxic stress without the buffering relationships a child needs, can result in damaged, weakened systems and brain architecture that can have negative long-term effect (Essential Elements of Quality-Infant-Toddler Program). Environments make a difference in brain development. Environments that provide proper nutrition and regularly scheduled periods of sleep and physical activity consistently promote warm, nurturing, attentive social interaction; and conscientiously buffer young children from the adverse impacts of toxic stress. Lack of adequate nutrition, physical activity, appropriate sensory stimulation or social-emotional developmental experiences disrupt brain architecture and can have a decisively negative Impact on future development (Essential Elements of Quality-Infant-Toddler Program). Finding about the impact of early experiences on brain development highlight the importance of intervening early with highly stressed infants and toddlers and their families. Infants and children who are rarely spoken to, who are exposed to few toys, and who have little opportunity to explore and experiment with their environment may fail to fully develop the neural connections and path ways that facilitate later learning. Despite their normal genetic endowment, these children are at a significant intellectual disadvantage and are likely to require costly special education or other remedial services when they enter school. Fortunately, intervention programs that start working with children and their families at birth or even prenatally can help prevent this tragic loss of potential. While high-quality infant and toddler programs are not necessarily intervention programs. When caregiver and parenting practices are grounded in knowledge of early brain development, caregivers and parents are much more effective in providing experiences that facilitate optimal development including strong brain architecture (Essential element of Quality-Infant-Toddler Program).

Ethical and Governance Issues Raised - 3252 Words

Table of Contents 1 Introduction 2 2 Discussion of case study 2 2.1 Identification of the Ethical and Governance issues raised in the case study 2 2.2 Critical analysis of the main ethical and the governance issues raised in the case study 5 2.3 An evaluation of the conditions that enabled the issues identified to arise 7 2.4 Recommendations to the company 9 3 Conclusion 11 4 References 12 Introduction Apple is one of the most successful companies to date, they have dominated most of the markets they have entered, and all of this was able to become a reality because of Steve Jobs, the founder of Apple. He is seen as a somewhat genius when it comes to business, and his employees seem to be very satisfied, but what most people†¦show more content†¦corporate social responsibility; and (2) what has Apple actually done in regards to ensuring that its Chinese suppliers comply with Apple’s values. Corporations such as Apple, are constantly under pressure to maximise shareholder wealth, as shareholders are the ultimate owners of the company. A key proponent of this view was Nobel-Prize winning economist, Milton Friedman. Friedman states in a New York Times article (1962) that managers’ key responsibility as agents was to the act in shareholders’ best interests; this was management’s social responsibility. By acting in the interest of others, such as the interest of society, management are not fulfilling their duty to shareholders and are effectively imposing a tax on shareholders, who could more efficiently allocate their resources to this purpose rather than rely on corporations. However, modern theory known as corporate social responsibility (CSR), has complicated the situation in that stating that companies are not only responsible to its shareholders, but also to the stakeholders which its actions may impact (Freeman 1984). While this may seem to contradict the mantra of profit maximisation, Russo and Perrini (2010) suggest that in today’s conscience-minded society, success is based not only on maximising profit but also on a corporation’s stakeholder relationships, which include social and environmental issues. The important factor in understanding CSR is that organisationsShow MoreRelatedFinancial Management And Corporate Social Responsibility1216 Words   |  5 Pagesworld these days as well as the significant growth of organization, there are such key concerns on not only the issue of financial management or corporate social responsibility, but also the importance of ethics and governance, in which how an organization manages its business acting in the best interests of public and stakeholders. 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Idioms and Expressions With Do

The following idioms and expressions use the verb do. Each idiom or expression has a definition and two example sentences to help understanding of these common idiomatic expressions with do.   Do a Double Take Definition: look twice at someone or something because you are surprised She did a double take when he walked into the room.Did you see that man do a double take as he looked at the price? Do a Number on Someone Definition: trick someone, cheat someone, hurt someone very badly Im afraid she did a number on him when she broke up.That guy did a number on John to the tune of $500! Do an About Face Definition: turn around, return to where someone came from Id like you to do an about face and go clean your room!As soon as I got to work I realized Id have to do an about face because Id left my briefcase at home. Do Away With Something Definition: prohibit something, make something not available   They tried to do away with coffee in some cultures to little success.Anytime they do away with something people want it even more.   Do Justice to Something Definition: do successfully and with honor, complete in a befitting manner I think that painting doesnt do justice to him.Alice really did justice to the presentation.   Do One’s Duty Definition: complete a responsibility, do something that is expected of you Remember to do your duty by honoring your parents.Ill do my duty but nothing more. Do Ones Part Definition: do something that is required of you, join in doing something that requires many people He feels that volunteering is doing his part.Do you part and get along and youll have no problems here. Do or Die Definition: complete a task or utterly fail Its do or die time now. Were getting married!Well John, its do or die. Lets go! Do Someone Good   Definition: be beneficial for someone I think taking the week off will do you good.She told me a massage would do me good.   Do Something Over Definition: repeat an action often because of a poor start Lets do that over! I wasnt concentrated enough!Id love to do college over if I had the chance. Do Someone Proud definition: do something so well that another person is proud of you David did his father proud throughout his successful life.I think youll do your family proud this year.   Do Someones Heart Good Definition: be good for someone emotionally I think listening to some classical music would do your heat good.Getting straight As did her heart good. Do Something by Hand Definition: build something on ones own He built his house by hand.I created that desk by hand.   Do Something in Vain Definition: do something with no reason or chance at success Peter feels his doing the job in vain.Never feel youre doing something in vain. Theres always a reason. Do Something on the Fly Definition: do something quickly without thinking I did it on the fly, its nothing special.Lets do it on the fly. It wont take long. Do Something on the Run Definition: do something while on the way to somewhere else We did it on the run while on the way to Arizona.You can do it on the run. Lets go! Do Something on the Sly Definition: do something without having other people notice She did it on the sly. Her husband never had a clue.He made lots of money by doing it on the sly. Do the Honors Definition: do something like cutting a cake, or giving a speech that is an honor Id like to let your father do the honors.Ill do the honors and toast to happy and long life! Do the Trick definition: complete the task, function as a solution I think this pen will do the trick.Youll come up with something to do the trick. Do You Read Me? Definition: question asked usually in a stern manner to ask if someone understands Well have no more talk! Do you read me?!Thats enough. Do you read me?

The Importance Of Being An Early Childhood / Special...

Being an early childhood/special education major, I decided to observe during my field experience hours in a preschool class at Prairie Children Preschool, in Aurora. In this classroom, I observed a blended classroom, with ten out of fifteen children having IEPs. Thus far, I have visited three times and have completed a total of nine hours in the classroom. One opportunity I have in my placement is to be able to observe in the classroom on Fridays, during which only students enrolled in the Preschool for all program. Through my field experience I was able to observe Ms. Vanessa Seppa in the blended classroom. I have observed her work with children towards goals that have been set. Only having experience in early education made me curious as to the difference from preschool to the upper grades. One of my relatives was a substitute in a special education class and connected me to Vanessa Villalobos, who is a special education teacher in middle school. I decided to interview Mrs. Seppa first because I wanted to be able to have a basis for the questions that I would ask Ms. Villalobos, who teaches in a sixth grade special education class. I noticed after reviewing and comparing responses from both teachers how much of a difference there was not only in the grade, but also the teacher. My first question was asking if they always wanted to be in the area of Special Education. I asked this because I knew I did not always see myself as a potential special educationShow MoreRelatedEarly Childhood Issues Of The 21st Century1152 Words   |  5 PagesPart 1: â€Å"Early Childhood Issues of the 21st Century† Revision The issue that I have selected focuses on the importance of children and youth receiving early intervention, special education, and other related services under Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) Part B. IDEA includes 14 specific categories under which children may be found eligible for early intervention, special education, and related services. Those 14 specific categories include the following: (1) autism, (2) deaf-blindnessRead MoreImportance of Play1008 Words   |  5 Pages The Importance of Play ECE 430 Early Childhood Education Capstone Prof. Sublette Jennifer Bentley November 28, 2011 The Importance of Play Play is one aspect that is common in every child’s life. The importance of play for children is huge. It is so much more than a recreational activity for them. Play is essential for children; it contributes to healthy child development cognitively, socially, and physically (McFadden, 2010). Because of this, it is vital for parents, caregivers, and educatorsRead MoreChildren s Academic And Social Competencies1549 Words   |  7 Pageshigh-quality federally funded early childhood education programs, such as Early Head Start and Race to the Top Early Learning Challenge can eliminate paying a heavier price later through taxpayer burdens in special education and increased criminal justice expenditures. High-quality federally funded early childhood education programs have a positive effect on families and communities, and set children on a constructive educational path in the first years of their formal K-12 education and hopefully beyondRead MoreCritical Reflection1285 Words   |  4 Pagesresearch in this area. Task: Students are to critically reflect on the professional responsibilities of managers and leaders in early childhood education and care. 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According to the NAEYC (National Association for the Education of Young Children), early childhood spans the human life from birth to age eight (Early Childhood Education,  para.Read MoreEarly Childhood Education And Development853 Words   |  4 PagesDuring this class, we have discussed many topics from the importance of Early Childhood Education, through all of the developmental stages and into the roots of behavioral issues. I’d have to say out of all the topics, the importance of Early Childhood Education and how children develop and learn from week 2 is what has stuck out the most to me. I have even found myself explaining the importance to friends, with information I have l earned from this course. For example, in a recent conversationRead MoreDescribe The Child Care Center1227 Words   |  5 Pagesclassrooms are open door and to all who wish to visit, with permission of course. 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I appreciated learning about different teaching methodologies and perspectives regarding education. I found that learning about constructivism and objectivism quite valuable. I always knew that there were philosophical concepts that supported specific teaching methods, but I only had a superficial understanding of such ideas. Learning in greater

The Importance of Corporate Social Responsibility Free Essays

Corporate Social Responsibility Being a company that prospers is very much different than a company that is consistently following a guided work ethic while making revenue. Companies these days may participate in under the table schemes or anything to make that extra buck. Very a few industries willingly follow corporate social responsibility. We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance of Corporate Social Responsibility or any similar topic only for you Order Now Corporate social responsibility (which will now be referred to as CSR) is a business firm’s intention, beyond its legal and economic obligations, to do the right things and act in ways that are good for society. Dell Inc. is a showcase example of companies that oblige by CSR. Not only do they willingly do right by others, they were named Newsweek’s 2010 Greenest Company in America. Almost everything they use from building to shipping is completely recyclable. They ship and package everything in material made out of bamboo called â€Å"mushroom packaging. † This sort of packaging is very durable and has the density to protect any heavy items in need of shipping. Mushroom packaging is very unique in the sense that it is grown and not manmade. Not only are they environment friendly in their use of the highly compostable mushroom packaging, they also give back. Dell knows how important it is to donate to charity and they want to create a relationship with whom they are donating money to. As stated in the article, â€Å"Trisa Thompson, VP of Corporate Responsibility, offered that making a determination about which charitable, non-profit organizations to work with internationally must be undertaken with great care†¦.. ‘These are long-term relationships, not short-term, and need to be entered into carefully and with sufficient due diligence. ’† Dell likes to donate 1% of all pre-tax revenue to charities that support children and education. This company truly understands what it means to be successful. Rather than classifying successful as a company that earns substantial net income, they also put emphasis on using their power and money into making the world a better place. CSR is something every single company should take interest in but some CEO’s just don’t care for lack of a better word. They want to keep every penny for themselves. Cited Source 1) http://businessexecution. wordpress. com/2011/09/06/dell-issues-2011-corporate-social-responsibility-report/ How to cite The Importance of Corporate Social Responsibility, Papers

Implementation of Statutory Body towards TVET Institutions -Sample

Question: Discuss about the Implementation of Statutory Body towards TVET Institutions. Answer: Introduction TVET or Technical and Vocational Education in Malaysia is considered to be one of the pivotal institutions that help to supply the workforce within the country. They provide all types of technical training to the students of the country and offers positions for creating new jobs within the country. The practical and real working atmosphere needs skillful people who can provide the best work with expertise. The types of training that has been incorporated within the institution for the professional working field are the formal, non-formal and informal kind of training. Many types of training and education have been provided in TVET over the years. They are apprenticeship training, vocational education, technical education, technicalvocational education, occupational education, professional and vocational education and many others. The rate of unemployment is very low at the country currently and the scenario is almost 28% of the people work in other countries for their occupation. The re are high possibilities that work shortage may affect the growth and achievements of the country in future. The polytechnic colleges have been operated in Malaysia over 40 years and this has been one of the incredible sources of workforce supply in the country. This focuses on finding the various strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats, challenges and issues and the recommendations for them to do well. Background of the company TVET is an institution that can be considered as one of the pioneering institutions in vocational education ("Tvet Institute", 2017). This institution is linked with the many programmers, professionals and technicians who supply best professionals for the industry. They collaborate with the Ministry of Labor and Industry in Malaysia. These programmers and the technical personnel help to improve the condition of the labor market that is running short of the proper workforce (Smilowitz, Nowak, Jiang, 2013). They help to promote the student programmers at the Polytechnic of secondary education support. They have some other works as well like the developing a proper mechanism for converging the ministries that offer programmers, different private institutions and the vocational education centers. They also improve the training of the teachers in the country, program development, and ensuring high quality professional training and maintaining a competent curriculum for the students (Hanu shek et al., 2017). The programmers and the teachers have some specific skills that give a great advantage for the students. The modules those are included in the curriculum of the institution are linked with active industry participations (Gallie et al., 2012). There are some things that need improvement within the institution. These things are regional actions in development of skills within the country. Some other fields needing to be improved are the performance monitoring, performance based funding, institutional autonomy, capacity building and strategic planning (Smith, 2013). Some significant differences have been noticed in the unit costs and internal efficiency of the institution as well. The funding criteria of TVET institutions need to apply proper economic criteria. The areas that need a proper development and regular monitoring for betterment are the employability of the graduate vocal educational students, the efficiency of both the academic and administrative staff has to be improved. They also tend to face some insufficient financial resources in the technological fields. The quality control of the institution must be strengthened (Sallis, 2014). Scenario of the country Malaysia The supply and demand measures in most of the countries are very much in a critical condition (Burkhard et al., 2012). There is a huge gap in those two metrics of economy. So, apparently there is a huge need to bridge the gap. Therefore, the only way to resolve this problem is to increase the workforce of the country. This needs a huge leap in terms of managing skillful workers in technical industry. The aim of the Malaysian government is to utilize TVET as the main source to gain more skillful and eligible human resources at their disposal who can contribute to the growth of the country in economical matters. They also want the Malaysian economy to be considered as one of the high income countries. One of the main sources to decrease the rate of poverty in a country is to improve its economy. The use of technology for innovation and adapting to globalization is one of the main reasons why a country gets higher incomes. The vocational training system has to be improved quite a lot th an what is at present (Biavaschi et al., 2012). The supply of skilled and capable workers should be on the high always so that it can ensure the best economical growth for the country. The Malaysian government should try to improve and increase the rate of the capable human resources a lot within 2020. The main sectors on target are the health, education, tourism, urban development, tourism and retail. These industries need a lot of skilled human resources to do their work properly. The needs and demands have to be met but the infrastructure and the lack of the human resources have stunted this growth rate (Snell, Morris Bohlander, 2015). SWOT Analysis An analysis on the various aspects of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats should be conducted to view the major needs of the time and what are the problems that the company is facing in the recent times. These weaknesses will provide a gateway for recommending certain ways in which the institution can improve its working capacities (Hollensen, 2015). Strengths The TVET curriculum has to be strengthened in order to make the quality of the students better so that they can prove to be successful in the professional world. The demand of the industry is growing day by day so under the eleventh plan, the curriculum has to be strengthened so that it can produce better students with a better quality to meet the demands of the industry (Zhao Rauner, 2014). The more focus will be given on the critical thinking among the students as the matter of self-reliance among the students will be given special attraction. There will be real world situations provided in the curriculum so that the students can be accustomed to the actual working environment that will help them to sustain in the workplace better. The government is trying very hard to increase the human resources in TVET but the take up rate is not up to the mark. While the rate of enrolling in the OECD countries for higher level vocational education is around 44%. Malaysia has lagged behind with just 10% enrolment (Busemeyer, 2012). The action plans to strengthen the situation with highly skilled workers to increase the production rate, skill oriented programs are taking place arranged by the government. The unskilled workforces are sent for re-training and the trainers are kept updated with the recent changes (Mourshed, Farrell Barton, 2012). TVET has been recognized as a national priority by the government and many positive steps have been taken to resolve the burning issues related in quick time. The global market is very much competitive and there are high needs for improving the workforce according to its skills. The economic growth of the country has to be sustained and further developed in order to be one of the highest income countries. The Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE) has launched the National Higher Education Blueprint for 2015 to 2025 that will cater to grow more skilled and competent workforce within the country by giving more power to TVET. Weaknesses The weaknesses of the TVET institution are:- The present curriculum of the TVET institutions is unable to meet the requirements of the labor industry at the present time. The industry input in the curriculum has created a sort of gap in what is required by the industry and what is provided to the TVET graduates. The competitive working environment needs graduates who are ready to join the industry and contribute to the welfare of the countrys economy. The situation is on the contrary. The graduates are talented but their training is not up to date as per the requirements of the industry. They are not multi-skilled as well. This works as a barrier to engage them in the working environment. The TVET diploma graduates who are accredited by the Department of Skills Development (DSD), do not get the proper chance to fair in the higher education programs as the more emphasis is on the practical components within Malaysia (Lussier Achua, 2015). They cannot study at a higher level in the Institute of Higher Education in the degree level. The TVET graduates who are accredited by MQA are able to access the higher education provided by IHE because of their curriculum that is based on the academic fields. This inequality has led confusions in TVET (Lussier Achua, 2015). There is a lack of good and competent teachers in the institution who can motivate the students. The key tools for the proper development of TVET are absent in a large degree. The cooperation between the public and private sector is very low. There are no such institutions that can effectively communicate between TVET and labor market (Cuat Melitz, 2012). Opportunities There are certain opportunities that can help to redesign TVET and place it at the top of the human resources supplier for the labor market industry within the country. These opportunities are:- The international and regional concerns have to be sorted out so that new doors will open for this organization to improve in various ways. Technological and technical support can be sorted from the developed countries in Asia and other continents. This will help to redesign the infrastructure of the organization. Threats The threats to the proper sustenance of TVET institute are:- The budget for education is not adequate as set by the government. The basic education and the higher education budgets are not properly allocated as well. There are certain problems in the TVET connection for the development of the nation and the regional areas as well. There are many conflicts of the skills of the workers, graduates and other people within the organization. Another impending threat on TVET is the competencies of the workers of the East African countries. Issues and Challenges The issues and challenges that TVET Malaysia are facing at the current time are:- The teachers and the trainers have failed in their competency based works. There is a lack of quality in the teachers and trainers. The quality monitoring is not adequate and the industry involvement in Malaysia is not sufficient as well. The quality assurance is low on the basis of the mechanisms. There is a huge mismatch in the kind of training given and the kind of jobs that are available. Higher education is greatly affected because themanagement is not that much responsible on the whole (Stephenson Yorke, 2013). The information is not as per the demands of the industry. There is an excessive influence of politics in Malaysia that affects the education system. The cost of the higher education is huge in the private institutions so most of the students cannot avail it (Clotfelter, 2014). Recommendations It can be recommended that Malaysian government can build a national quality system that will look after the entire facilities of the vocational training and education in the country (Conway, Mostashari Clancy, 2013). Very efficient funding systems should be created in order to match the public and private partnerships. The chief priorities have to be selected and certain steps have to be taken according to the matters. Effective training programs should be organized by the government and the national competition laws should be developed. These are the few ways in which the service of TVET can be improved. Conclusion This paper can be concluded in the manner that TVET is really an essential source for the supply of the human sources that will cater to the economic growth of the country. The strengths have to be utilized in order to make a proper growth of the economy and equally distributing the work facilities all over Malaysia. There are certain issues and challenges for the implementation of the plans of the government. It is not possible for the government alone to supervise all the works and implementing the plans. The higher education of the country has to be properly distributed between all the graduates and the education system has to be developed with proper matching between the curriculum and the industry demands. References Biavaschi, C., Eichhorst, W., Giulietti, C., Kendzia, M. J., Muravyev, A., Pieters, J., ... Zimmermann, K. F. (2012). Youth unemployment and vocational training. Burkhard, B., Kroll, F., Nedkov, S., Mller, F. (2012). Mapping ecosystem service supply, demand and budgets.Ecological Indicators,21, 17-29.e. Busemeyer, M. R. (2012). 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